The manganese mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO2) was used since ancient times as a black pigment and in glass making. Display:Ĭhromium metal piece and flakes, stainless steel nuts and bolts, chrome-plated plumbing fixtures, crocoite PbCrO4, rubies and a ruby wand Al2O3♼r, and paints with chromium pigments – chrome yellow (PbCrO4) and chromium oxide green (Cr2O3) Vanadium oxides are used as catalysts and as fixes for the dyeing of fabrics. Vanadium is used in alloys to increase strength, most commonly in steels, and in lighter titanium alloys for the aerospace industry. The name rionium, honouring del Rio, was also proposed but not adopted. Sefstrom named the element vanadium after the Norse goddess Vanadis, who amongst other things was the goddess of beauty, reflecting the range of beautiful colours of vanadium compounds, and because the symbol V was not in use. In 1831, vanadium was rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrom, and del Rio’s work was verified by Friedrich Wohler. However, in 1805 it was claimed that del Rio had mistaken chromium for a new element, causing del Rio to retract his discovery. He then changed the name to erythronium (meaning red in Greek) as many vanadium salts turned red when heated. He named the element panchromium (meaning all-colours in Greek) as it produced salts of many different colours. In 1801, Andres Manuel del Rio discovered vanadium in an ore called brown lead (now called vanadinite). Titanium metal pellet and rod, titanium oxides – TiO (beige), Ti 2O 3 (purple), TiO 2 (white, also known as titania), titania-containing sunscreen and white paint, and rutilated quartz (quartz contained rutile TiO 2)
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